Kahi noi: Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka umu ʻoihana, nā lako hale, ka umu ʻoihana, ka metallurgy, nā mīkini, nā mokulele, nā kaʻa, nā pūʻali koa a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe e hana ana i nā mea hoʻomehana a me nā mea kū'ē.

ʻO nā resistors i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi papa uea i paʻi ʻia e lilo ia i mea hiki ke hoʻonui i nā pūʻolo me ka hilinaʻi kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana uila i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka hana resistor i loko o ka substrate laminate e hoʻokuʻu i ka ʻāpana ʻili PWB i hoʻopau ʻia e nā ʻāpana discrete, e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i ka hana o ka hāmeʻa ma ke kau ʻana o nā ʻāpana hana hou aʻe. Loaʻa i nā alloys Nickel-chromium ke kū'ē uila kiʻekiʻe, e hana ai iā lākou no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano noi like ʻole. Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Nickel a me chromium me ka silicon a me ka alumini e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa o ka mahana a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka coefficient thermal o ke kū'ē. Ua waiho mau ʻia kahi papa resistive kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi e pili ana i nā alloys nickel-chromium ma luna o nā ʻōwili o ka foil keleawe e hana i kahi mea no nā noi resistor i hoʻokomo ʻia. Hiki ke ʻoki koho ʻia ka papa resistive kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma waena o ke keleawe a me ka laminate e hana i nā resistors discrete. He mea maʻamau nā kemika no ka etching i nā kaʻina hana PWB. Ma ka kaohi ʻana i ka mānoanoa o nā alloys, loaʻa nā waiwai kū'ē pepa mai 25 a 250 ohm/sq. E hoʻohālikelike kēia pepa i ʻelua mau mea nickel-chromium i kā lākou mau ʻano hana etching, uniformity, ka lawelawe mana, ka hana thermal, ka hoʻopili a me ka hoʻonā etching.