ʻO Sorovako, aia ma ka mokupuni ʻo Sulawesi ʻo Indonesia, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mines nickel nui loa ma ka honua. ʻO Nickel kahi ʻāpana ʻike ʻole ʻia o nā mea he nui o kēlā me kēia lā: nalo ia i ke kila kila, nā mea hoʻomehana i nā mea hana hale a me nā electrodes i nā pā. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo ia ma mua o ʻelua miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai nā puʻu a puni ʻo Sorovako e ʻike ʻia me nā hewa ikaika. ʻO Laterites - nā lepo i waiwai nui i ka hao a me ka nickel - ua hana ʻia ma muli o ka pau ʻana o ka ua. I koʻu hoʻokele ʻana i ka scooter i luna o ka puʻu, ua hoʻololi koke ka ʻāina i ka ʻulaʻula me nā kaha ʻalani koko. Hiki iaʻu ke ʻike i ka mea kanu nickel ponoʻī, he kapuahi ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele lepo e like me ke kūlanakauhale. Piʻi ʻia nā huila kaʻa liʻiliʻi e like me ke kaʻa. ʻO nā alanui i ʻoki ʻia ma nā puʻu ʻulaʻula kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻupena nui e pale i ka hili ʻāina. ʻO ka hui mining ʻo Mercedes-Benz mau kaʻa kaʻa ʻelua e lawe i nā limahana. Ua hoʻolele ʻia ka hae o ka hui e nā kaʻa kaʻa a me nā kaʻa ma waho o ke alanui. ʻO ka honua he puʻu a he lua, a ʻo ka honua ʻulaʻula pālahalaha i pelu ʻia i loko o kahi trapezoid zigzag. Ua kiaʻi ʻia ka pūnaewele e ka uea ʻauʻau, nā ʻīpuka, nā kukui kaʻa a me nā mākaʻi ʻoihana e mākaʻikaʻi ana i kahi ʻāpana ʻae kokoke i ka nui o Lākana.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka mine e PT Vale, nona kekahi hapa o nā aupuni o Indonesia a me Brazil, me nā pā i mālama ʻia e Kanada, Iapana a me nā hui multinational ʻē aʻe. ʻO Indonesia ka mea hana nickel nui loa ma ka honua, a ʻo Vale ka lua o ka mea miner nickel nui ma hope o Norilsk Nickel, he hui Lūkini e hoʻomohala ana i nā waihona Siberian. I Malaki, ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Rūsia iā Ukraine, ua pālua nā kumukūʻai nickel i ka lā a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kālepa ʻana ma London Metal Exchange no hoʻokahi pule. ʻO nā hanana e like me kēia e noʻonoʻo ai ka poʻe e like me Elon Musk no hea mai kā lākou nickel. I ka mahina o Mei, ua hui ʻo ia me ka Pelekikena Indonesia ʻo Joko Widodo e kūkākūkā i kahi "hui". Ua hoihoi ʻo ia no ka mea, pono nā kaʻa uila lōʻihi i ka nickel. Loaʻa i kahi pākahi Tesla ma kahi o 40 kilokani. ʻO ka mea kānalua, makemake nui ke aupuni Indonesia i ka neʻe ʻana i nā kaʻa uila a hoʻolālā e hoʻonui i nā ʻae ʻana o ka mining. I kēia manawa, manaʻo ʻo Vale e kūkulu i ʻelua smelter hou ma Sorovaco a hoʻomaikaʻi i kekahi o lākou.
ʻO ka hana ʻana i ka nikela ma Indonesia kahi mea hou loa. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻomaka ke aupuni colonial o Dutch East Indies e hoihoi i kāna "mau ʻāina āpau", nā mokupuni ʻē aʻe ma Java a me Madura, ka mea i hana i ka hapa nui o ka pae'āina. I ka makahiki 1915, ua hōʻike ʻo Eduard Abendanon i ka ʻenekini mining Dutch ua loaʻa iā ia kahi waihona nickel ma Sorovako. He iwakālua mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hōʻea ʻo HR "Flat" Elves, he kanaka kālaihonua me ka hui Kanada Inco, a ʻeli i kahi lua hoʻāʻo. Ma Ontario, hoʻohana ʻo Inco i ka nickel e hana i nā kālā a me nā ʻāpana no nā mea kaua, nā pōkā, nā moku a me nā hale hana. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o Elves e hoʻonui i Sulawesi ua pale ʻia e ka noho ʻana o Iapana ma Indonesia i ka makahiki 1942. A hiki i ka hoʻi ʻana mai o Inco i nā makahiki 1960, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia ka nickel.
Ma ka lanakila ʻana i ka ʻae ʻana o Sorovaco i ka makahiki 1968, ua manaʻo ʻo Inco e loaʻa kālā mai ka nui o nā hana haʻahaʻa a me nā ʻaelike hoʻoili waiwai. ʻO ka manaʻo e kūkulu i hale hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, kahi pā e hānai ai iā ia, a me kahi ʻili, a e lawe mai i nā limahana Kanada e mālama i nā mea āpau. Ua makemake ʻo Inco i kahi paʻa palekana no kā lākou mau luna, kahi kiaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i ka nahele Indonesia. No ke kūkulu ʻana, ua hoʻolimalima lākou i nā lālā o ka ʻuhane ʻuhane o Indonesia Subud. ʻO kona alakaʻi a hoʻokumu ʻo Muhammad Subuh, nāna i hana ma ke ʻano he moʻohelu kālā ma Java i nā makahiki 1920. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i kekahi pō, i kona wā e hele ana, ua hāʻule ka pōlele makapō ma luna o kona poʻo. Ua loaʻa kēia iā ia i kēlā me kēia pō no kekahi mau makahiki, a, e like me kāna, ua wehe ʻo ia i "ka pilina ma waena o ka mana akua e hoʻopiha i ke ao holoʻokoʻa a me ka ʻuhane kanaka." Ma ka makahiki 1950, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia e John Bennett, he kanaka ʻimi wahie mōʻalihaku Pelekane a me ka hahai ʻana i ka mystic George Gurdjieff. Ua kono ʻo Bennett iā Subuh i ʻEnelani i ka makahiki 1957 a ua hoʻi ʻo ia i Jakarta me kahi hui hou o nā haumāna ʻEulopa a me Australia.
I ka makahiki 1966, ua hoʻokumu ka neʻe i kahi hui ʻenekinia pono ʻole i kapa ʻia ʻo International Design Consultants, nāna i kūkulu i nā kula a me nā hale keʻena ma Jakarta (ua hoʻolālā pū ʻo ia i ka hoʻolālā kumu no Darling Harbour ma Sydney). Hāʻawi ʻo ia i kahi utopia extractivist ma Sorovako, kahi enclave i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā Indonesia, mamao loa mai ka haunaele o nā mines, akā hoʻolako piha ʻia e lākou. I ka makahiki 1975, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi kaiāulu puka me kahi hale kūʻai kūʻai, nā pā tennis a me kahi hui kolepa no nā limahana haole i kūkulu ʻia ma kahi mau kilomita mai Sorovako. Mālama nā mākaʻi pilikino i ka ʻāpana a me ke komo ʻana i ka supermarket. Hāʻawi ʻo Inco i ka uila, ka wai, nā ea, nā kelepona a me nā meaʻai i lawe ʻia mai. Wahi a Katherine May Robinson, he kanaka anthropologist nāna i alakaʻi i ka hana ma laila ma waena o 1977 a me 1981, "nā wahine ma Bermuda pōkole a me nā buns e holo i ka hale kūʻai nui e kūʻai i ka pizza maloʻo a laila hoʻomaha no ka ʻai ʻai a inu kofe ma waho. ʻO ka lumi hoʻoluʻu ea ma ke ala e hoʻi ai he "hoax hou" mai ka hale o kahi hoaaloha.
Ke kiaʻi ʻia nei ka enclave a hoʻopaʻa ʻia. I kēia manawa noho nā alakaʻi kiʻekiʻe o Indonesia ma laila, i loko o kahi hale me kahi māla mālama maikaʻi. Akā, ua ulu nui nā wahi ākea me nā nāhelehele, nā sima māwae, a me nā kahua pāʻani ʻeleʻele. Ua haʻalele ʻia kekahi o nā hale bungalow a ua lilo nā ululāʻau i ko lākou wahi. Ua haʻi ʻia iaʻu ʻo kēia ʻole ka hopena o ka loaʻa ʻana o Inco iā Vale i ka makahiki 2006 a me ka neʻe ʻana mai ka manawa piha i ka hana ʻaelike a me ka poʻe hana paʻa. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o nā kula ʻāina a me Sorovako i kēia manawa ma ke ʻano o ka papa: noho nā luna i nā kula, noho nā limahana i ke kūlanakauhale.
ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻae ʻia ka ʻae ʻana, me kahi kokoke i 12,000 kilomika square o nā mauna ulu lāʻau i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā pā. Ua mālama ʻia kekahi mau ʻīpuka a mālama ʻia nā alanui. ʻO ka wahi i ʻeli ʻia - kokoke i 75 square kilometers - ua paʻa ʻia me ka uwea ʻau. I kekahi pō e holo ana au i koʻu kaʻa kaʻa i uka a kū. ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke ʻike aku i ka puʻu o ka pala i hūnā ʻia ma hope o ke kualono, akā ua nānā au i ke koena o ka honi, e kokoke ana i ka wela pele, e kahe ana i lalo o ke kuahiwi. Ua hele mai ke kukui ʻalani, a laila, piʻi aʻela ke ao i loko o ka pōʻeleʻele, a pāhola aʻela a puhi ʻia e ka makani. I kēlā me kēia mau minuke, hoʻomālamalama ka lani i kahi pele i hana ʻia e ke kanaka.
ʻO ke ala wale nō e hiki ai i ka poʻe ʻaʻole hana ke holo i luna o ka maina ma loko o ka loko o Matano, no laila ua lawe au i ka waʻa. A laila, alakaʻi ʻo Amosa, ka mea e noho ana ma kahakai, iaʻu ma waena o nā māla pepa a hiki mākou i ka wāwae o kahi mauna ma mua, a i kēia manawa he pūpū puha, kahi ʻole. I kekahi manawa hiki iā ʻoe ke hele i kahi huakaʻi i kahi i hānau ʻia ai, a ma laila paha kahi hapa o ka nickel i loaʻa mai i nā mea i kōkua i kaʻu huakaʻi: nā kaʻa, mokulele, scooter, laptops, kelepona.
Editor London Review of Books, 28 Little Russell Street London, WC1A 2HNletters@lrb.co.uk Please provide name, address and telephone number.
The Editor London Review of Books 28 Little Russell Street London, WC1A 2HN Letters@lrb.co.uk Please provide name, address and phone number
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