ʻO Sorovako, aia ma ka mokupuni ʻo Indonesia ʻo Sulawesi, kekahi o nā lua nickel nui loa o ka honua. He ʻāpana ʻike ʻole ʻia ka nickel o nā mea o kēlā me kēia lā: nalowale ia i loko o ke kila kila, nā mea hoʻomehana i loko o nā lako hale a me nā electrodes i loko o nā pila. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma mua o ʻelua miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai nā puʻu a puni ʻo Sorovako e ʻike ʻia ma nā hewa hana. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā Laterites - nā lepo waiwai i ka hao oxide a me ka nickel - ma muli o ka ʻino mau ʻana o nā ua wela. I koʻu hoʻokele ʻana i ka scooter i luna o ka puʻu, ua loli koke ke kala o ka honua i ʻulaʻula me nā kaha ʻalani koko. Ua ʻike au i ka hale hana nickel ponoʻī, he luahi lepo ʻinoʻino e like me ke kūlanakauhale. Ua hoʻopuehu ʻia nā huila kalaka liʻiliʻi e like me ka nui o ke kaʻa. Ua ʻoki ʻia nā alanui ma waena o nā puʻu ʻulaʻula piʻi a me nā ʻupena nui e pale aku i ka ʻāina ʻino. Lawe nā kaʻa ʻelua papa ʻo Mercedes-Benz i nā limahana. Ua lele ʻia ka hae o ka hui e nā kalaka pickup a ka hui a me nā kaʻa kaʻa ma waho o ke alanui. He puʻu a he lua ka honua, a ua pelu ʻia ka lepo ʻulaʻula pālahalaha i loko o kahi trapezoid zigzag. Ua kiaʻi ʻia ke kahua e ka uea ʻoi, nā puka pā, nā kukui kaʻa a me nā mākaʻi ʻoihana e kiaʻi ana i kahi ʻāpana hale kūʻai i aneane ka nui o Ladana.
Ke hoʻokele ʻia nei ka lua e PT Vale, nona kekahi hapa o nā aupuni o Indonesia a me Brazil, me nā ʻāpana i paʻa ʻia e nā hui Kanada, Kepanī a me nā hui multinational ʻē aʻe. ʻO Indonesia ka mea hana nickel nui loa o ka honua, a ʻo Vale ka lua o ka mea hana nickel nui loa ma hope o Norilsk Nickel, kahi hui Lūkini e hoʻomohala ana i nā waihona Siberian. I Malaki, ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Rusia iā Ukraine, ua pālua ke kumukūʻai nickel i hoʻokahi lā a ua hoʻōki ʻia ke kālepa ʻana ma ka London Metal Exchange no hoʻokahi pule. ʻO nā hanana e like me kēia e noʻonoʻo ai ka poʻe e like me Elon Musk i hea mai ai kā lākou nickel. I Mei, ua hālāwai ʻo ia me ka Pelekikena Indonesia ʻo Joko Widodo e kūkākūkā i kahi "hui like" hiki. Makemake ʻo ia no ka mea pono nā kaʻa uila lōʻihi i ka nickel. Loaʻa i kahi pākahi Tesla ma kahi o 40 kilokani. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha, makemake nui ke aupuni Indonesia i ka neʻe ʻana i nā kaʻa uila a hoʻolālā e hoʻonui i nā ʻaelike mining. I kēia manawa, manaʻo ʻo Vale e kūkulu i ʻelua mau mea hoʻoheheʻe hou ma Sorovaco a hoʻomaikaʻi i kekahi o lākou.
He mea hou ka hana ʻeli nikala ma Indonesia. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻomaka ke aupuni kolone o ka Dutch East Indies e hoihoi i kāna "waiwai peripheral", nā mokupuni ʻē aʻe ma mua o Java a me Madura, ka mea i hana i ka hapa nui o ka pae ʻāina. I ka makahiki 1915, ua hōʻike ka ʻenekinia ʻeli Dutch ʻo Eduard Abendanon ua ʻike ʻo ia i kahi waihona nikala ma Sorovako. Iwakālua mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hōʻea ʻo HR "Flat" Elves, he geologist me ka hui Kanada ʻo Inco, a ʻeli i kahi lua hoʻāʻo. Ma Ontario, hoʻohana ʻo Inco i ka nikala e hana i nā kālā a me nā ʻāpana no nā mea kaua, nā pōkā, nā moku a me nā hale hana. Ua pale ʻia nā hoʻāʻo a Elves e hoʻonui i Sulawei e ka noho ʻana o Iapana ma Indonesia i ka makahiki 1942. A hiki i ka hoʻi ʻana mai o Inco i nā makahiki 1960, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka nikala.
Ma ka lanakila ʻana i ka ʻaelike Sorovaco i ka makahiki 1968, ua manaʻolana ʻo Inco e loaʻa kālā mai ka nui o nā hana hana haʻahaʻa a me nā ʻaelike hoʻokuʻu waiwai nui. ʻO ka hoʻolālā, ʻo ia ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe, kahi pā e hānai iā ia, a me kahi lua pōhaku, a e lawe mai i nā limahana Kanada e hoʻokele i nā mea āpau. Makemake ʻo Inco i kahi enclave palekana no kā lākou mau luna hoʻokele, kahi kaona ʻAmelika ʻĀkau i mālama pono ʻia ma ka ululāʻau Indonesia. No ke kūkulu ʻana, ua hoʻolimalima lākou i nā lālā o ka neʻe ʻuhane Indonesia ʻo Subud. ʻO kona alakaʻi a me ka mea hoʻokumu ʻo Muhammad Subuh, nāna i hana ma ke ʻano he mea helu kālā ma Java i nā makahiki 1920. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i kekahi pō, i kona hele wāwae ʻana, ua hāʻule kahi pōpō mālamalama makapō ma luna o kona poʻo. Ua hana ʻia kēia iā ia i kēlā me kēia pō no kekahi mau makahiki, a, e like me kāna ʻōlelo, ua wehe ia i "ka pilina ma waena o ka mana akua e hoʻopiha ana i ke ao holoʻokoʻa a me ka ʻuhane kanaka." I ka makahiki 1950, ua hiki mai ʻo ia i ka manaʻo o John Bennett, he mea ʻimi wahie mōʻalihaku Pelekane a he mea hahai i ka mea pohihihi ʻo George Gurdjieff. Ua kono ʻo Bennett iā Subuh i ʻEnelani i ka makahiki 1957 a ua hoʻi ʻo ia i Jakarta me kahi hui hou o nā haumāna ʻEulopa a me ʻAusetalia.
I ka makahiki 1966, ua hoʻokumu ka neʻe ʻana i kahi ʻoihana ʻenekinia hemahema i kapa ʻia ʻo International Design Consultants, nāna i kūkulu i nā kula a me nā hale keʻena ma Jakarta (ua hoʻolālā pū kekahi i ka hoʻolālā nui no Darling Harbor ma Sydney). Manaʻo ʻo ia i kahi utopia extractivist ma Sorovako, kahi enclave i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā poʻe Indonesia, mamao loa mai ka haunaele o nā mines, akā ua hoʻolako piha ʻia e lākou. I ka makahiki 1975, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi kaiāulu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kahi supermarket, nā kahua tennis a me kahi kalapu kolepa no nā limahana haole i kekahi mau kilomita mai Sorovako. Mālama nā mākaʻi pilikino i ka perimeter a me ke komo ʻana i ka supermarket. Hoʻolako ʻo Inco i ka uila, ka wai, nā ea hoʻoluʻu, nā kelepona a me nā meaʻai i lawe ʻia mai. Wahi a Katherine May Robinson, he anthropologist nāna i hana i ka hana kahua ma laila ma waena o 1977 a me 1981, "e kalaiwa nā wahine i nā pōkole Bermuda a me nā buns i ka supermarket e kūʻai i ka pizza hau a laila kū no nā meaʻai māmā a inu i ke kofe ma waho. ʻO ka lumi ea hoʻoluʻu ma ke ala e hoʻi ai i ka home he "hoax hou" mai ka hale o kahi hoaaloha.
Ke kiaʻi ʻia nei ka ʻāpana a ua kiaʻi ʻia. I kēia manawa, noho nā alakaʻi kiʻekiʻe o Indonesia ma laila, i loko o kahi hale me kahi māla i mālama pono ʻia. Akā, ua ulu nui nā wahi ākea i nā nāhelehele, ka sima māwae, a me nā kahua pāʻani ʻōpala. Ua haʻalele ʻia kekahi o nā bungalows a ua pani ʻia ko lākou wahi e nā ululāʻau. Ua haʻi ʻia mai iaʻu ʻo kēia hakahaka ka hopena o ka loaʻa ʻana o Vale iā Inco i ka makahiki 2006 a me ka neʻe ʻana mai ka hana manawa piha i ka hana ʻaelike a me kahi limahana hana neʻe. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā wahi noho a me Sorovako i kēia manawa ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke ʻano papa wale nō: noho nā luna ma nā wahi noho, noho nā limahana ma ke kūlanakauhale.
ʻAʻole hiki ke komo i ka ʻāpana ʻāina ponoʻī, me kahi kokoke i 12,000 kilomita kuea o nā mauna ulu lāʻau i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā pā. He nui nā puka i mālama ʻia a ua kiaʻi ʻia nā alanui. ʻO ka wahi i eli ʻia - kokoke i 75 kilomita kuea - ua pā ʻia me ka uea ʻoi. I kekahi pō, e holo ana au i kaʻu mokokaikala i luna o ka puʻu a kū. ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke ʻike i ka puʻu o ka ʻōpala i hūnā ʻia ma hope o ke kualono, akā ua nānā au i nā koena o ka ʻōpala, kahi kokoke i ka mahana pele, e kahe ana i lalo o ka mauna. Ua ʻā mai ke kukui ʻalani, a laila piʻi aʻe kahi ao i ka pouli, e pālahalaha ana a hiki i ka puhi ʻia ʻana e ka makani. I kēlā me kēia mau minuke, hoʻomālamalama kahi pele hou i hana ʻia e ke kanaka i ka lewa.
ʻO ke ala wale nō e hiki ai i nā poʻe ʻaʻole limahana ke komo malū i ka lua ʻeli ma o ka loko ʻo Matano, no laila ua lawe au i kahi waʻa. A laila, ua alakaʻi ʻo Amos, ka mea e noho ana ma kahakai, iaʻu ma waena o nā māla pepa a hiki i ko mākou hiki ʻana i ka wāwae o ka mea i lilo i mauna i kēia manawa a i kēia manawa he pūpū hakahaka, he wahi ʻole. I kekahi manawa hiki iā ʻoe ke hele i kahi huakaʻi i kahi i kumu ai, a malia paha ʻo kēia kahi i loaʻa ai kahi hapa o ka nickel i nā mea i kōkua i kaʻu mau huakaʻi: nā kaʻa, nā mokulele, nā scooter, nā kamepiula lawe lima, nā kelepona.
Editor London Review of Books, 28 Little Russell Street London, WC1A 2HNletters@lrb.co.uk Please provide name, address and telephone number.
The Editor London Review of Books 28 Little Russell Street London, WC1A 2HN Letters@lrb.co.uk Please provide name, address and phone number
E heluhelu ma nā wahi āpau me ka polokalamu London Review of Books, i loaʻa i kēia manawa no ka hoʻoiho ʻana ma ka App Store no nā polokalamu Apple, Google Play no nā polokalamu Android a me Amazon no Kindle Fire.
Nā mea nui mai ka puke hou loa, kā mākou waihona a me ka blog, a me nā nūhou, nā hanana a me nā hoʻolaha kū hoʻokahi.
Pono kēia pūnaewele i ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Javascript e hāʻawi i ka ʻike maikaʻi loa. E hoʻololi i kāu mau hoʻonohonoho polokalamu kele pūnaewele e ʻae i ka ʻike Javascript e holo.