ʻO ke kaula Cupronickel kahi mea hoʻohui keleawe me ka nickel ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui nui. ʻO nā ʻāpana keleawe-nickel i hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā mea hoʻohui keleawe-nickel me nā mea ʻekolu e like me ka zinc, manganese, alumini, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo zinc-nickel-nickel strips, manganese-nickel-nickel strips, a me nā ʻāpana alumini-nickel-nickel. Loaʻa i ke kaula keleawe-nickel ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka pala, ka ikaika waena, ka plasticity kiʻekiʻe, a hiki ke hana ʻia e ke kaomi wela a me ke anu.
Ua māhele ʻia nā ʻāpana keleawe keʻokeʻo i ʻelima mau māhele: nā ʻāpana keleawe keʻokeʻo maʻamau, nā ʻāpana keleawe hao keʻokeʻo, nā ʻāpana keleawe manganese keʻokeʻo, nā ʻāpana keleawe zinc keʻokeʻo a me nā ʻāpana keleawe alumini keʻokeʻo
ʻO nā ʻāpana keleawe keʻokeʻo maʻamau he ʻehā mau papa metala e like me B0.6, B5, B19, a me B30. ʻO nā mea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo B19 a me B30, a he nui aku nā papa ma ka moʻo maʻamau ʻAmelika. ʻO ke ʻāpana keleawe keʻokeʻo he hopena paʻa mau i hoʻokumu ʻia e Cu a me Ni, me kahi lattice cubic i waenakonu o ka maka, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1-18. Ke emi ka mahana ma mua o 322 degere, loaʻa i ka kiʻikuhi pae keleawe-nickel kahi ʻāpana mahana ākea o ka metastable decomposition, e hoʻohui ana i nā mea ʻekolu e like me Fe, Cr, Sn, Ti, Co, Si, Al i ka Cu-Ni alloy Etc., hiki ke hoʻololi i ka haku mele, ka laulā mahana a me ke kūlana o ka metastable decomposition, a hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i kekahi mau waiwai o ka metala. Loaʻa i ka papa keleawe keʻokeʻo maʻamau ka hana anu a me ka wela maikaʻi. Hiki ke hana maʻalahi ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole e like me nā papa, nā ʻāpana, nā paipu, nā koʻokoʻo, nā ʻano, a me nā uea. Hana maikaʻi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka brazing palupalu a paʻakikī, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke kinoea pale arc a me ka hoʻoheheʻe kū'ē, a pēlā aku. ʻO ka hana ʻoki ʻana he 20% o ke keleawe ʻoki manuahi HPb63-3. Loaʻa i ka papa keleawe keʻokeʻo maʻamau ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka pala, ka ikaika waena, ka plasticity kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hana ʻia e ke kaomi wela a me ke anu, a me nā waiwai uila maikaʻi. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana ma ke ʻano he mau mea kūkulu, he mea nui hoʻi ia he pale kiʻekiʻe a me ka thermocouple alloy.