He moʻolelo lōʻihi ko nā kānaka noiʻi ma ka Argonne National Laboratory o ka US Department of Energy (DOE) o nā ʻike mua ma ke kahua o nā pila lithium-ion. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau hopena no ka cathode pila, i kapa ʻia ʻo NMC, nickel manganese a me cobalt oxide. ʻO kahi pila me kēia cathode ke hoʻoikaika nei i ka Chevrolet Bolt.
Ua hoʻokō nā kānaka noiʻi ʻo Argonne i kahi holomua hou i nā cathodes NMC. Hiki i ke ʻano liʻiliʻi hou o ka hui ke hoʻolilo i ka pākaukau i ʻoi aku ka paʻa a me ka palekana, hiki ke hana ma nā voltages kiʻekiʻe loa a hāʻawi i nā mamao huakaʻi lōʻihi.
"I kēia manawa, loaʻa iā mākou nā alakaʻi e hiki ai i nā mea hana pila ke hoʻohana e hana i nā mea cathode kiʻekiʻe, palena ʻole," ʻo Khalil Amin, Argonne Fellow Emeritus.
"Hōʻike nā cathodes NMC e kū nei i kahi pilikia nui no ka hana voltage kiʻekiʻe," wahi a ke kōkua kemika ʻo Guiliang Xu. Me ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka hoʻouka ʻana, hāʻule koke ka hana ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā māwae i loko o nā ʻāpana cathode. No nā makahiki he ʻumi, ua ʻimi nā mea noiʻi pākahiko i nā ala e hoʻoponopono ai i kēia mau māwae.
ʻO kekahi ʻano hana i ka wā ma mua, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana poepoe liʻiliʻi i haku ʻia me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi he nui. ʻO nā ʻāpana poepoe nui he polycrystalline, me nā ʻāpana crystalline o nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka hopena, loaʻa iā lākou ka mea a nā kānaka ʻepekema i kapa ai he mau palena hua ma waena o nā ʻāpana, hiki ke hana i ka pila e haki i ka wā o kahi pōʻaiapuni. I mea e pale aku ai i kēia, ua hoʻomohala mua nā hoa hana o Xu lāua ʻo Argonne i kahi uhi polymer pale a puni kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. Hoʻopuni kēia uhi i nā ʻāpana poepoe nui a me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i loko o lākou.
ʻO kekahi ala e pale aku ai i kēia ʻano māwae ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana kristal hoʻokahi. Ua hōʻike ka microscopy electron o kēia mau ʻāpana ʻaʻohe o lākou palena.
ʻO ka pilikia no ka hui, ʻo ia nā cathodes i hana ʻia mai nā polycrystals i uhi ʻia a me nā kristal hoʻokahi i haki mau i ka wā o ke kaʻa paikikala. No laila, ua hana lākou i kahi loiloi nui o kēia mau mea cathode ma ka Advanced Photon Source (APS) a me ke Kikowaena no nā Nanomaterials (CNM) ma ke Kikowaena ʻEpekema Argonne o ka US Department of Energy.
Ua hana ʻia nā ʻano loiloi x-ray like ʻole ma nā lima APS ʻelima (11-BM, 20-BM, 2-ID-D, 11-ID-C a me 34-ID-E). Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka mea a nā kānaka ʻepekema i manaʻo ai he kristal hoʻokahi, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka electron a me ka X-ray microscopy, he palena maoli nō ia i loko. Ua hōʻoia ka scanning a me ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka electron microscopy o CNMs i kēia hopena.
"I ko mākou nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻili o kēia mau ʻāpana, ua like lākou me nā kristal hoʻokahi," wahi a ke kauka physicist ʻo Wenjun Liu. â�<“但是，当我们在APS 使用一种称为同步加速器X射线衍射显微镜的技术和其他技术时，我们发现边界隐藏在内部。” â� <“但是 ， 当 在 在 使用 使用 种 称为 同步 加速器 x 射线 显微镜 的 技术 和 ， 术 和发现 边界 隐藏 在。”"Eia naʻe, i ka wā i hoʻohana ai mākou i kahi ʻano hana i kapa ʻia ʻo synchrotron X-ray diffraction microscopy a me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe ma APS, ua ʻike mākou ua hūnā ʻia nā palena i loko."
ʻO ka mea nui, ua hoʻomohala ka hui i kahi ʻano hana e hana ai i nā kristal hoʻokahi me nā palena ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā cell liʻiliʻi me kēia cathode kristal hoʻokahi ma nā voltages kiʻekiʻe loa i hōʻike i ka piʻi ʻana o 25% i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu ma kēlā me kēia anakahi leo me ka ʻaneʻane ʻole o ka pohō i ka hana ma luna o 100 mau pōʻaiapuni hoʻāʻo. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hōʻike nā cathodes NMC i haku ʻia me nā kristal hoʻokahi multi-interface a i ʻole nā ​​polycrystals i uhi ʻia i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka mana o 60% a 88% ma luna o ke ola like.
Hōʻike nā helu unahi atomika i ke ʻano o ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka capacitance cathode. Wahi a Maria Chang, he nanoscientist ma CNM, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nalowale ʻana o nā ʻātoma oxygen i nā palena ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka pila ma mua o nā wahi mamao aku mai o lākou. ʻO kēia nalowale ʻana o ka oxygen e alakaʻi ai i ka hōʻino ʻana o ke kaʻina hana cell.
"Hōʻike kā mākou mau helu ʻana pehea e hiki ai i ka palena ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka oxygen ma ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hana i hoʻemi ʻia," wahi a Chan.
ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka palena e pale ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka oxygen, no laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka palekana a me ke kūpaʻa cyclic o ka cathode. ʻO nā ana o ka ulu ʻana o ka oxygen me APS a me kahi kumu kukui holomua ma ka Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory o ka US Department of Energy e hōʻoia i kēia hopena.
"I kēia manawa, loaʻa iā mākou nā alakaʻi e hiki ai i nā mea hana pila ke hoʻohana e hana i nā mea cathode me nā palena ʻole a hana ma ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe," wahi a Khalil Amin, Argonne Fellow Emeritus. â�<“该指南应适用于NMC 以外的其他正极材料。” â�<“该指南应适用于NMC 以外的其他正极材料。”"Pono e pili nā alakaʻi i nā mea cathode ʻē aʻe ma mua o NMC."
Ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻatikala e pili ana i kēia haʻawina ma ka puke pai Nature Energy. Ma waho aʻe o Xu, Amin, Liu a me Chang, nā mea kākau Argonne ʻo Xiang Liu, Venkata Surya Chaitanya Kolluru, Chen Zhao, Xinwei Zhou, Yuzi Liu, Liang Ying, Amin Daali, Yang Ren, Wenqian Xu , Junjing Deng, Inhui Hwang, Chengjun Sun, Tao Zhou, Ming Chen Du, a me Zonghai. ʻEpekema mai ka Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Wanli Yang, Qingtian Li, a me Zengqing Zhuo), Xiamen University (Jing-Jing Fan , Ling Huang a me Shi-Gang Sun) a me Tsinghua University (Dongsheng Ren, Xuning Feng a me Mingao Ouyang).
E pili ana i ke Kikowaena ʻo Argonne no nā Nanomaterials ʻO ke Kikowaena no nā Nanomaterials, kekahi o nā kikowaena noiʻi nanotechnology ʻelima o ka US Department of Energy, ʻo ia ke keʻena hoʻohana aupuni mua no ka noiʻi nanoscale interdisciplinary i kākoʻo ʻia e ke Keʻena ʻEpekema o ka US Department of Energy. I ka hui pū ʻana, hana nā NSRC i kahi hui o nā pono hana hoʻohui e hāʻawi ana i nā mea noiʻi me nā hiki kiʻekiʻe loa no ka hana ʻana, ka hana ʻana, ke ʻano, a me ke hoʻohālike ʻana i nā mea nanoscale a hōʻike i ka hoʻopukapuka kālā nui loa ma lalo o ka National Nanotechnology Initiative. Aia ka NSRC ma nā US Department of Energy National Laboratories ma Argonne, Brookhaven, Lawrence Berkeley, Oak Ridge, Sandia, a me Los Alamos. No ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i ka NSRC DOE, e kipa iā https://science.osti.gov/Us​er​-​Fa​c​i​lit​​​​​ie​s​/ ​Us​ er​-​Fa​c​i​l​it​ie​ie​s​-​at​-a​​Glance.
ʻO ke Kumu Photon Kiʻekiʻe (APS) o ka US Department of Energy ma Argonne National Laboratory kekahi o nā kumu X-ray huahua loa ma ka honua. Hāʻawi ʻo APS i nā kukuna X-ray kiʻekiʻe i kahi kaiāulu noiʻi like ʻole i ka ʻepekema mea, kemika, ka physics mea condensed, ke ola a me nā ʻepekema kaiapuni, a me ka noiʻi i hoʻopili ʻia. He kūpono kēia mau kukuna X no ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea a me nā ʻano olaola, ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea, nā kemika, nā kūlana magnetic a me nā uila, a me nā ʻōnaehana ʻenekinia koʻikoʻi o nā ʻano āpau, mai nā pila a hiki i nā nozzles injector wahie, he mea nui ia no ko kākou hoʻokele waiwai aupuni, ʻenehana. a me ke kino. ʻO ke kumu o ke olakino. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻoi aku ma mua o 5,000 mau kānaka noiʻi e hoʻohana ana iā APS e paʻi i nā puke paʻi he 2,000 e hōʻike ana i nā ʻike koʻikoʻi a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ʻano protein olaola koʻikoʻi ma mua o nā mea hoʻohana o kekahi kikowaena noiʻi X-ray ʻē aʻe. Ke hoʻokō nei nā kānaka ʻepekema a me nā ʻenekinia APS i nā ʻenehana hou i kumu no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana o nā mea hoʻolalelale a me nā kumu mālamalama. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia kēia me nā mea hoʻokomo e hana ana i nā kukuna X ʻālohilohi loa i mahalo ʻia e nā mea noiʻi, nā aniani e hoʻopili ana i nā kukuna X i lalo i kekahi mau nanometer, nā mea hana e hoʻonui ai i ke ʻano o ka launa pū ʻana o nā kukuna X me ka hāpana e aʻo ʻia nei, a me ka hōʻiliʻili a me ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā ʻike APS. Hoʻopuka ka noiʻi i nā nui ʻikepili he nui.
Ua hoʻohana kēia haʻawina i nā kumuwaiwai mai Advanced Photon Source, he kikowaena mea hoʻohana o ke Keʻena ʻEpekema o ka ʻOihana Ikehu o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i mālama ʻia e Argonne National Laboratory no ke Keʻena ʻEpekema o ka ʻOihana Ikehu o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma lalo o ka helu ʻaelike DE-AC02-06CH11357.
Ke hoʻoikaika nei ka Argonne National Laboratory e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana kūloko. Ma ke ʻano he keʻena hoʻokolohua aupuni mua ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, hana ʻo Argonne i nā noiʻi kumu a me nā noiʻi i hoʻopili ʻia ma aneane kēlā me kēia ʻano ʻepekema. Hana pū nā kānaka noiʻi ʻo Argonne me nā kānaka noiʻi mai nā haneli o nā ʻoihana, nā kulanui, a me nā keʻena pekelala, mokuʻāina, a me ke kaona e kōkua iā lākou e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia kikoʻī, e hoʻolaha i ke alakaʻi ʻepekema o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a hoʻomākaukau i ka lāhui no kahi wā e hiki mai ana. Hoʻolimalima ʻo Argonne i nā limahana mai nā ʻāina he 60 a ʻoi a mālama ʻia e UChicago Argonne, LLC o ke Keʻena ʻEpekema o ka US Department of Energy.
ʻO ke Keʻena ʻEpekema o ka ʻOihana Ikehu o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ka mea kākoʻo nui loa o ka lāhui i ka noiʻi kumu i nā ʻepekema kino, e hana ana e hoʻoponopono i kekahi o nā pilikia koʻikoʻi o ko kākou manawa. No ka ʻike hou aku, e kipa iā https://energy.gov/scienceience.