He moʻolelo lōʻihi ka poʻe noiʻi ma ka US Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory i nā mea i ʻike mua ʻia ma ke kahua o nā pā lithium-ion. ʻO ka nui o kēia mau hopena no ka cathode pākahi, i kapa ʻia ʻo NMC, nickel manganese a me cobalt oxide. ʻO kahi pākaukau me kēia cathode i kēia manawa ke mana i ka Chevrolet Bolt.
Ua loaʻa i nā mea noiʻi ʻo Argonne kahi holomua hou i nā cathodes NMC. Hiki i ka hui ke hoʻoikaika i ka lōʻihi a me ka palekana o ka pākaukau, hiki ke hana i nā voli kiʻekiʻe loa a hāʻawi i nā pae huakaʻi lōʻihi.
"Loaʻa iā mākou ke alakaʻi i hiki i nā mea hana pākaukau ke hoʻohana e hana i nā mea cathode kiʻekiʻe, palena ʻole," ʻo Khalil Amin, Argonne Fellow Emeritus.
"Ke hōʻike nei nā cathodes NMC i kēia manawa i kahi pilikia nui no ka hana uila kiʻekiʻe," i ʻōlelo ʻia ai ke kōkua chemist ʻo Guiliang Xu. Me ke kaʻa kaʻa-hoʻokuʻu, hāʻule koke ka hana ma muli o ka hana ʻana o nā māwae i nā ʻāpana cathode. No nā makahiki he nui, ua ʻimi nā mea noiʻi pākaukau i nā ala e hoʻoponopono ai i kēia mau māwae.
Hoʻokahi ʻano hana i ka wā ma mua i hoʻohana i nā ʻāpana spherical liʻiliʻi i haku ʻia me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā ʻāpana spherical nui he polycrystalline, me nā kikowaena crystalline o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka hopena, loaʻa iā lākou ka mea i kapa ʻia e nā ʻepekema ʻo nā palena palaoa ma waena o nā ʻāpana, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka pākaukau i ka wā o ka pōʻai. No ka pale ʻana i kēia, ua kūkulu mua nā hoa hana o Xu a me Argonne i kahi uhi polymer pale a puni kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. Hoʻopuni kēia uhi i nā ʻāpana spherical nui a me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i loko o lākou.
ʻO kahi ala ʻē aʻe e pale aku ai i kēia ʻano maʻi, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana aniani hoʻokahi. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka microscopy electron o kēia mau ʻāpana ʻaʻohe o lākou palena.
ʻO ka pilikia no ka hui, ʻo ia nā cathodes i hana ʻia mai nā polycrystals i uhi ʻia a me nā kristal hoʻokahi i haki ʻia i ka wā kaʻa. No laila, ua alakaʻi lākou i ka loiloi nui o kēia mau mea cathode ma ka Advanced Photon Source (APS) a me Center for Nanomaterials (CNM) ma ka US Department of Energy's Argonne Science Center.
Ua hana ʻia nā ʻano loiloi x-ray ma nā lima APS ʻelima (11-BM, 20-BM, 2-ID-D, 11-ID-C a me 34-ID-E). ʻIke ʻia ʻo ka mea a nā ʻepekema i manaʻo ai he aniani hoʻokahi, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e electron a me X-ray microscopy, he palena maoli nō i loko. ʻO ka nānā ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana i ka microscopy electron o CNM i hōʻoia i kēia hopena.
"I ko mākou nānā ʻana i ka morphology o ka ʻili o kēia mau ʻāpana, ua like lākou me nā kristal hoʻokahi," wahi a Wenjun Liu physicist. â�<“但是，当我们在APS 使用一种称为同步加速器X 射线衍射显微镜的技术和华中文界隐藏在内部。” â� <“但是 ， 当 在 在 使用 使用 种 称为 同步 加速器 x 射线 显微镜 的 技术 和 技术 和现 边界 隐藏 在。”"Akā, i ka wā i hoʻohana ai mākou i kahi ʻenehana i kapa ʻia ʻo synchrotron X-ray diffraction microscopy a me nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe ma APS, ʻike mākou ua hūnā ʻia nā palena i loko."
ʻO ka mea nui, ua hoʻomohala ka hui i kahi ala e hana ai i nā kristal hoʻokahi me ka ʻole o nā palena. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā pūnaewele liʻiliʻi me kēia cathode kristal hoʻokahi ma nā voltage kiʻekiʻe loa i hōʻike ʻia he 25% ka piʻi ʻana o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu no kēlā me kēia leo me ka aneane ʻaʻohe poho o ka hana ma mua o 100 mau pōʻai hoʻāʻo. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻo nā cathodes NMC i haku ʻia me nā kristal hoʻokahi multi-interface a i ʻole polycrystals uhi ʻia i hōʻike i kahi hāʻule o 60% a 88% ma luna o ke ola like.
Hōʻike ka helu ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka capacitance cathode. Wahi a Maria Chang, he nanoscientist ma CNM, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nalowale o nā palena i nā ʻātoma oxygen ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka pākaukau ma mua o nā wahi mamao aku iā lākou. ʻO kēia nalowale o ka oxygen ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke kaʻina cell cell.
"Ke hōʻike nei kā mākou helu helu pehea e hiki ai i ka palena ke alakaʻi i ka oxygen e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka hana," wahi a Chan.
ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka palena e pale ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka oxygen, e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka palekana a me ke kūpaʻa cyclic o ka cathode. ʻO nā ana hoʻololi o ka oxygen me APS a me kahi kumu kukui holomua ma ka US Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory e hōʻoia i kēia hopena.
"I kēia manawa ua loaʻa iā mākou nā alakaʻi e hiki ai i nā mea hana pākaukau ke hoʻohana e hana i nā mea cathode ʻaʻohe palena a hana i ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe," wahi a Khalil Amin, Argonne Fellow Emeritus. â�<“该指南应适用于NMC 以外的其他正极材料。” â�<“该指南应适用于NMC 以外的其他正极材料。”"Pono nā alakaʻi i nā mea cathode ma waho o NMC."
Ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻatikala e pili ana i kēia haʻawina ma ka puke pai Nature Energy. Ma waho aʻe o Xu, Amin, Liu a me Chang, ʻo nā mea kākau Argonne ʻo Xiang Liu, Venkata Surya Chaitanya Kolluru, Chen Zhao, Xinwei Zhou, Yuzi Liu, Liang Ying, Amin Daali, Yang Ren, Wenqian Xu , Junjing Deng, Inhui Hwang, ʻO Chengjun Sun, Tao Zhou, Ming Du, a me Zonghai Chen. ʻEpekema mai ka Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Wanli Yang, Qingtian Li, a me Zengqing Zhuo), Xiamen University (Jing-Jing Fan , Ling Huang a me Shi-Gang Sun) a me Tsinghua University (Dongsheng Ren, Xuning Feng a me Mingao Ouyang).
E pili ana i ka Argonne Center for Nanomaterials ʻO ka Center for Nanomaterials, kekahi o ʻelima US Department of Energy nanotechnology research centers, ʻo ia ka ʻoihana hoʻohana mua loa no ka noiʻi interdisciplinary nanoscale i kākoʻo ʻia e ka US Department of Energy's Office of Science. Hoʻohui pū, hoʻokumu nā NSRC i kahi hui o nā mea hoʻohui e hāʻawi i nā mea noiʻi me nā mana kiʻekiʻe no ka hana ʻana, ka hana ʻana, ke ʻano, a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā mea nanoscale a hōʻike i ka hoʻopukapuka waiwai nui loa ma lalo o ka National Nanotechnology Initiative. Aia ka NSRC ma ka US Department of Energy National Laboratories ma Argonne, Brookhaven, Lawrence Berkeley, Oak Ridge, Sandia, a me Los Alamos. No ka 'ike hou aku e pili ana i ka NSRC DOE, e kipa https://science​.osti​.gov/Us​er​-​F​a​c​i​lit​​​​​ie​s​/Us er-F​acilit​ie​ie​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
ʻO ka US Department of Energy's Advanced Photon Source (APS) ma Argonne National Laboratory kekahi o nā kumu X-ray huahua loa ma ka honua. Hāʻawi ʻo APS i nā kukui X-kiʻekiʻe i kahi kaiāulu noiʻi like ʻole i ka ʻepekema waiwai, kemika, ka ʻepekema mea hoʻohuihui, ke ola a me ka ʻepekema kaiapuni, a me ka noiʻi noiʻi. He kūpono kēia mau X-ray no ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea a me nā hale olaola, ka māhele ʻana o nā mea, kemika, magnetic a me nā mokuʻāina uila, a me nā ʻōnaehana ʻenehana koʻikoʻi o nā ʻano like ʻole, mai nā pākaukau a hiki i nā nozzles injector, he mea koʻikoʻi i kā mākou ʻoihana aupuni, ʻenehana. . a me ke kino Ke kumu o ke ola kino. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻoi aku ma mua o 5,000 mau mea noiʻi e hoʻohana i ka APS no ka hoʻopuka ʻana ma mua o 2,000 mau puke e hōʻike ana i nā ʻike koʻikoʻi a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ʻano protein koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ma mua o nā mea hoʻohana o nā kikowaena noiʻi X-ray ʻē aʻe. Ke hoʻokō nei nā ʻepekema APS a me nā ʻenekinia i nā ʻenehana hou i kumu no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana o nā accelerators a me nā kumu kukui. Loaʻa kēia i nā mea hoʻokomo e hoʻopuka i nā kukui X ʻālohilohi loa i mahalo ʻia e nā mea noiʻi, nā lens e kālele ana i nā kukui X a hiki i kekahi mau nanometer, nā mea kani e hoʻonui i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā kukui X me ka hāpana e aʻo ʻia, a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻike APS. Hoʻopuka ka noiʻi i ka nui o ka ʻikepili.
Ua hoʻohana kēia haʻawina i nā kumuwaiwai mai Advanced Photon Source, kahi US Department of Energy Office of Science User Center i lawelawe ʻia e Argonne National Laboratory no ka US Department of Energy Office of Science ma lalo o ka helu aelike DE-AC02-06CH11357.
Hoʻoikaika ka Argonne National Laboratory e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana. Ma ke ʻano ʻo ia ka hale hana ʻāina mua ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, alakaʻi ʻo Argonne i ka noiʻi kumu a me ka noiʻi noiʻi ʻana ma nā ʻano ʻepekema āpau. Hana pū nā mea noiʻi ʻo Argonne me nā mea noiʻi mai nā haneli o nā hui, nā kulanui, a me nā keʻena federal, mokuʻāina, a me ke kaona e kōkua iā lākou e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia kikoʻī, e holomua i ke alakaʻi ʻepekema ʻAmelika, a hoʻomākaukau i ka lāhui no ka wā e hiki mai ana. Hoʻohana ʻo Argonne i nā limahana mai nā ʻāina he 60 a ke hoʻohana ʻia nei e UChicago Argonne, LLC o ka US Department of Energy's Office of Science.
ʻO ke Keʻena ʻEpekema o ka US Department of Energy ka mea kākoʻo nui loa o ka lāhui i ka noiʻi kumu ma ka ʻepekema kino, e hana ana e hoʻoponopono i kekahi o nā pilikia koʻikoʻi o ko mākou manawa. No ka 'ike hou aku, e kipa https://energy.gov/science.ience.