ʻO Alloy ka hui ʻana o ʻelua mau mea kemika (ma ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi o ia mea he metala) me nā waiwai metala. Loaʻa maʻamau ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i loko o kahi wai like ʻole a laila condensing.
Hiki i nā huila ke lilo i hoʻokahi o kēia mau ʻano ʻekolu: kahi hoʻonā paʻa paʻa hoʻokahi o nā mea, kahi hui ʻana o nā pae metala he nui, a i ʻole kahi hui intermetallic o nā metala. ʻO ka microstructure o nā alloys i loko o ka hopena paʻa he ʻāpana hoʻokahi, a ʻo kekahi mau alaleʻa i loko o ka hopena he ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā pae. ʻAʻole like paha ka hāʻawi ʻana, ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka mahana i ka wā o ka hoʻoilo ʻana o ka mea. ʻO nā pūhui Intermetallic ka mea maʻamau i kahi huila a i ʻole metala maʻemaʻe i hoʻopuni ʻia e kekahi metala maʻemaʻe.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā Alloys i kekahi mau noi no ka mea aia kekahi mau waiwai i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mea metala maʻemaʻe. ʻO nā laʻana o nā alloys he kila, solder, keleawe, pewter, phosphor bronze, amalgam, a me nā mea like.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke ʻano o ka huila e ka ratio mass. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā huila i nā ʻāpana hoʻololi a i ʻole nā ​​​​alloy interstitial e like me kā lākou ʻano atomic, a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia i nā ʻāpana homogeneous (hoʻokahi wale nō māhele), nā ʻāpana heterogeneous (ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi māhele) a me nā pūhui intermetallic (ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea ʻelua. nā māhele). palena). [2]
ʻike nui
Hoʻololi pinepine ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui i nā waiwai o nā mea elemental, no ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke kila ma mua o ka mea nui o kāna mea nui, hao. ʻO nā waiwai kino o kahi huila, e like me ka mānoanoa, reactivity, Young's modulus, uila a me ka thermal conductivity, hiki ke ʻano like me nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia o ka alloy, akā ʻo ka ikaika tensile a me ka ikaika shear o ka alloy e pili mau i nā waiwai o ka. nā mea hoʻohui. ʻokoʻa loa. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa loa o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā ʻātoma i loko o kahi huila mai ka mea i hoʻokahi mea. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka helu heheʻe o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma mua o ka helu heheʻe o nā metala e hana ai i ka huila no ka mea ʻokoʻa ka radii atomika o nā metala like ʻole, a he paʻakikī ke hana i ka lattice crystal paʻa.
Hiki ke hoʻoikaika nui ʻia kahi mea liʻiliʻi o kekahi mea i nā waiwai o ka alloy. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā haumia i loko o nā ferromagnetic alloys ke hoʻololi i nā waiwai o ka alloy.
ʻAʻole like me nā metala maʻemaʻe, ʻaʻohe wahi hoʻoheheʻe paʻa ka hapa nui o nā alloys. Aia ka mahana i loko o ka pae wela hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, aia ka hui ʻana i kahi kūlana paʻa a me ka wai. No laila, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia he haʻahaʻa ka helu heheʻe o ka huila ma mua o nā metala constituent. E nānā i ka hui ʻana eutectic.
Ma waena o nā'āpana maʻamau,ʻo ke keleawe he'āpana keleawe a me ka zinc; ʻO ke keleawe ka mea i hoʻohui ʻia o ke tini a me ke keleawe, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā kiʻi, nā mea hoʻonani, a me nā bele pule. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana (e like me nā nickel alloys) i ke kālā o kekahi mau ʻāina.
ʻO Alloy ka hopena, e like me ke kila, hao ka mea hoʻoheheʻe, carbon ka solute.