ʻO ke kinikini he hui ʻana o ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha mau mea kemika (ma ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi he metala) me nā ʻano metala. Loaʻa pinepine ʻia ia ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i loko o kahi wai like a laila hoʻopili iā ia.
Hiki i nā mea hoʻohuihui ke lilo i hoʻokahi o kēia mau ʻano ʻekolu: kahi hopena paʻa hoʻokahi-paepae o nā mea, kahi hui ʻana o nā pae metala he nui, a i ʻole kahi hui intermetallic o nā metala. ʻO ka microstructure o nā mea hoʻohuihui i loko o ka hopena paʻa he pae hoʻokahi, a ʻo kekahi mau mea hoʻohuihui i loko o ka hopena he ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā pae. Hiki ke like ka hoʻolaha ʻana a ʻaʻole paha, ma muli o ka loli o ka mahana i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻalili o ka mea. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo nā hui intermetallic he mea hoʻohuihui a i ʻole metala maʻemaʻe i hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi metala maʻemaʻe ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana hao i kekahi mau hana no ka mea he mau waiwai ko lākou i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mea metala maʻemaʻe. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻāpana hao e komo pū ana me ke kila, ka solder, ke keleawe, ka pewter, ka phosphor bronze, ka amalgam, a me nā mea like.
ʻO ka laulā, ua helu ʻia ke ʻano o ka hui ʻana o ka mea hoʻohuihui e ka lakio nuipa. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hoʻohuihui i nā mea hoʻohuihui a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻohuihui interstitial e like me kā lākou ʻano atomika, a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia i nā pae homogeneous (hoʻokahi wale nō pae), nā pae heterogeneous (ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi pae) a me nā hui intermetallic (ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa maopopo ma waena o nā pae ʻelua). palena). [2]
ʻike kikoʻī
Hoʻololi pinepine ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā alloys i nā waiwai o nā mea elemental, no ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke kila ma mua o kona mea nui, ʻo ka hao. ʻO nā waiwai kino o kahi alloy, e like me ka density, reactivity, Young's modulus, electrical a me thermal conductivity, e like paha me nā mea o loko o ka alloy, akā ʻo ka ikaika tensile a me ka ikaika shear o ka alloy e pili pinepine ana i nā waiwai o nā mea o loko. ʻokoʻa loa. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he ʻokoʻa loa ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā ʻātoma i loko o kahi alloy mai ka mea i loko o hoʻokahi mea. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka wahi heheʻe o kahi alloy ma mua o ka wahi heheʻe o nā metala e hana ana i ka alloy no ka mea he ʻokoʻa nā radii atomic o nā metala like ʻole, a he paʻakikī ke hana i kahi lattice kristal paʻa.
Hiki i kahi liʻiliʻi o kahi mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke loaʻa ka hopena nui i nā waiwai o ka metala. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā mea haumia i loko o nā metala ferromagnetic ke hoʻololi i nā waiwai o ka metala.
ʻAʻole e like me nā metala maʻemaʻe, ʻaʻohe kiko heheʻe paʻa o ka hapa nui o nā metala hoʻoheheʻe. Ke noho ka mahana i loko o ka pae mahana heheʻe, aia ka hui ʻana i ke kūlana o ka noho pū ʻana o ka paʻa a me ka wai. No laila, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia he haʻahaʻa ke kiko heheʻe o ka metala hoʻoheheʻe ma mua o nā metala hoʻohui. E nānā i ka hui eutectic.
Ma waena o nā mea hoʻohuihui maʻamau, ʻo ke keleawe kahi mea hoʻohuihui o ke keleawe a me ka zinc; ʻo ke keleawe kahi mea hoʻohuihui o ka tin a me ke keleawe, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā kiʻi, nā mea hoʻonaninani, a me nā bele hale pule. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻohuihui (e like me nā mea hoʻohuihui nickel) ma ke kālā o kekahi mau ʻāina.
He hopena ka ʻaila hao, e like me ke kila, ʻo ka hao ka mea hoʻoheheʻe, ʻo ke kalapona ka mea hoʻoheheʻe.