ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā kumu uila hoʻomau kekahi o nā pilikia koʻikoʻi o kēia kenekulia. ʻO nā wahi noiʻi i nā mea hōʻiliʻili ikehu e ulu mai ana mai kēia hoʻoikaika ʻana, me ka thermoelectric1, photovoltaic2 a me thermophotovoltaics3. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe o mākou mau mea a me nā mea hana e hiki ke hōʻiliʻili i ka ikehu ma ka pae Joule, ʻo nā mea pyroelectric e hiki ke hoʻololi i ka ikehu uila i nā loli mahana manawa e manaʻo ʻia he mau sensor4 a me nā mea hōʻiliʻili ikehu5,6,7. Maanei ua hoʻomohala mākou i kahi mea hōʻiliʻili ikehu thermal macroscopic ma ke ʻano o kahi capacitor multilayer i hana ʻia me 42 grams o ke kēpau scandium tantalate, e hana ana i 11.2 J o ka ikehu uila no kēlā me kēia pōʻaiapuni thermodynamic. Hiki i kēlā me kēia module pyroelectric ke hoʻoulu i ka nui o ka ikehu uila a hiki i ka 4.43 J cm-3 no kēlā me kēia pōʻaiapuni. Hōʻike pū mākou he ʻelua mau modula e kaupaona ana he 0.3 g ua lawa ia e hoʻoikaika mau i nā mea hōʻiliʻili ikehu autonomous me nā microcontrollers i hoʻokomo ʻia a me nā mea ʻike mahana. ʻO ka hope, hōʻike mākou no kahi pae mahana o 10 K, hiki i kēia mau capacitors multilayer ke hiki i ka 40% Carnot efficiency. ʻO kēia mau waiwai ma muli o (1) ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae ferroelectric no ka pono kiʻekiʻe, (2) ke au leaka haʻahaʻa e pale ai i nā pohō, a me (3) ka volta breakdown kiʻekiʻe. Ke noʻonoʻo hou nei kēia mau mea hōʻiliʻili mana pyroelectric macroscopic, scalable a me ka pono i ka hanauna mana thermoelectric.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka gradient mahana spatial e pono ai no nā mea thermoelectric, ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili ikehu o nā mea thermoelectric e pono ai ke kaʻapuni mahana i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa. ʻO ia hoʻi, he kaʻapuni thermodynamic, kahi i wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia e ka kiʻikuhi entropy (S)-temperature (T). Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1a i kahi kiʻi ST maʻamau o kahi mea pyroelectric non-linear (NLP) e hōʻike ana i kahi hoʻololi pae ferroelectric-paraelectric i hoʻokele ʻia e ke kahua ma ka scandium lead tantalate (PST). ʻO nā ʻāpana polū a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ke kaʻapuni ma ka kiʻikuhi ST e pili ana i ka ikehu uila i hoʻololi ʻia i ka kaʻapuni Olson (ʻelua isothermal a me ʻelua mau ʻāpana isopole). Maanei mākou e noʻonoʻo ai i ʻelua mau kaʻapuni me ka loli kahua uila like (kahua ma luna a ma waho) a me ka loli mahana ΔT, ʻoiai me nā mahana mua like ʻole. ʻAʻole i loaʻa ka kaʻapuni ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma ka ʻāpana hoʻololi pae a no laila he wahi liʻiliʻi loa ia ma mua o ke kaʻapuni polū i loaʻa ma ka ʻāpana hoʻololi pae. Ma ka kiʻikuhi ST, ʻo ka nui o ka wahi, ʻo ka nui o ka ikehu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia. No laila, pono e hōʻiliʻili ka hoʻololi pae i ka ikehu hou aku. ʻO ka pono no ka hoʻokele ʻana i kahi nui ma NLP ua like loa ia me ka pono no nā noi electrothermal9, 10, 11, 12 kahi i hōʻike hou aku ai nā capacitors multilayer PST (MLCs) a me nā terpolymers e pili ana i ka PVDF i ka hana hoʻohuli maikaʻi loa. kūlana hana hoʻoluʻu i ka pōʻaiapuni 13,14,15,16. No laila, ua ʻike mākou i nā PST MLC hoihoi no ka ʻohi ʻana i ka ikehu thermal. Ua wehewehe piha ʻia kēia mau laʻana i nā ʻano hana a ua wehewehe ʻia i nā memo hoʻohui 1 (scanning electron microscopy), 2 (X-ray diffraction) a me 3 (calorimetry).
a, Sketch o kahi kiʻi entropy (S)-temperature (T) me ke kahua uila ma luna a ma waho i hoʻopili ʻia i nā mea NLP e hōʻike ana i nā hoʻololi pae. Hōʻike ʻia ʻelua mau pōʻaiapuni hōʻiliʻili ikehu ma nā ʻāpana mahana ʻelua like ʻole. Hana ʻia nā pōʻaiapuni polū a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo i loko a ma waho o ka hoʻololi pae, kēlā me kēia, a hoʻopau i nā wahi like ʻole o ka ʻili. b, ʻelua mau apo unipolar DE PST MLC, 1 mm ka mānoanoa, i ana ʻia ma waena o 0 a me 155 kV cm-1 ma 20 °C a me 90 °C, kēlā me kēia, a me nā pōʻaiapuni Olsen e pili ana. Pili nā leka ABCD i nā kūlana like ʻole ma ka pōʻaiapuni Olson. AB: Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā MLC i 155 kV cm-1 ma 20 °C. BC: Ua mālama ʻia ʻo MLC ma 155 kV cm-1 a ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ka mahana i 90 °C. CD: Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo MLC ma 90 °C. DA: Hoʻomaʻalili ʻia ʻo MLC i 20 °C ma ke kahua zero. Pili ka ʻāpana polū i ka mana hoʻokomo e pono ai e hoʻomaka i ka pōʻaiapuni. ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻalani ka ikehu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i hoʻokahi pōʻaiapuni. c, ka panela luna, ka uila (ʻeleʻele) a me ke au (ʻulaʻula) e kūʻē i ka manawa, i nānā ʻia i ka wā o ka pōʻaiapuni Olson like me b. Hōʻike nā mea hoʻokomo ʻelua i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka uila a me ke au ma nā wahi koʻikoʻi o ka pōʻaiapuni. Ma ka panela haʻahaʻa, hōʻike nā piʻo melemele a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo i nā piʻo mahana a me ka ikehu e pili ana, no kahi MLC mānoanoa 1 mm. Ua helu ʻia ka ikehu mai nā piʻo o ke au a me ka uila ma ka panela luna. Pili ka ikehu maikaʻi ʻole i ka ikehu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia. ʻO nā ʻanuʻu e pili ana i nā leka nui ma nā kiʻi ʻehā ua like ia me ka pōʻaiapuni Olson. Pili ka pōʻaiapuni AB'CD i ka pōʻaiapuni Stirling (memo hou 7).
kahi ʻo E a me D ke kahua uila a me ke kahua hoʻoneʻe uila, kēlā me kēia. Hiki ke loaʻa ʻo Nd ma ke ʻano pololei ʻole mai ke kaapuni DE (Kiʻi 1b) a i ʻole pololei ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kahi pōʻaiapuni thermodynamic. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻano hana pono loa e Olsen i kāna hana paionia ma ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka ikehu pyroelectric i nā makahiki 198017.
Ma ke kiʻi 1b e hōʻike ana i ʻelua mau loop DE monopolar o nā specimens PST-MLC 1 mm mānoanoa i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ma 20 °C a me 90 °C, kēlā me kēia, ma luna o kahi laulā o 0 a 155 kV cm-1 (600 V). Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau pōʻaiapuni ʻelua e helu pololei ʻole i ka ikehu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka pōʻaiapuni Olson i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1a. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka pōʻaiapuni Olsen he ʻelua mau lālā isofield (maanei, zero field ma ka lālā DA a me 155 kV cm-1 ma ka lālā BC) a me ʻelua mau lālā isothermal (maanei, 20°С a me 20°С ma ka lālā AB). C ma ka lālā CD) ʻO ka ikehu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka wā o ka pōʻaiapuni e pili ana i nā ʻāpana ʻalani a me ka polū (EdD integral). ʻO ka ikehu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ʻo Nd ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka ikehu hoʻokomo a me ka ikehu hoʻopuka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻāpana ʻalani wale nō ma ke kiʻi 1b. Hāʻawi kēia pōʻaiapuni Olson kikoʻī i kahi density ikehu Nd o 1.78 J cm-3. ʻO ka pōʻaiapuni Stirling kahi koho ʻē aʻe i ka pōʻaiapuni Olson (Nānā Hoʻohui 7). Ma muli o ka maʻalahi o ka hiki ʻana i ke kahua hoʻouka mau (kaapuni hāmama), hiki i ka nui o ka ikehu i unuhi ʻia mai ke Kiʻi 1b (pōʻaiapuni AB'CD) i 1.25 J cm-3. ʻO 70% wale nō kēia o ka mea hiki i ka pōʻaiapuni Olson ke hōʻiliʻili, akā hana nā lako ʻohi maʻalahi.
Eia kekahi, ua ana pololei mākou i ka ikehu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana ʻo Olson ma ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka PST MLC me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kahua hoʻomalu mahana Linkam a me kahi mika kumu (ʻano hana). Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1c ma luna a ma nā insets pili i ke au (ʻulaʻula) a me ka voltage (ʻeleʻele) i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka PST MLC 1 mm mānoanoa like me ka loop DE e hele ana ma o ke kaʻina hana ʻo Olson like. ʻO ke au a me ka voltage e hiki ai ke helu i ka ikehu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā piʻo ma ke kiʻi 1c, lalo (ʻōmaʻomaʻo) a me ka mahana (melemele) ma o ke kaʻina hana. Hōʻike nā leka ABCD i ke kaʻina hana ʻo Olson like ma ke Kiʻi 1. Hana ʻia ka hoʻouka ʻana o MLC i ka wā o ka wāwae AB ​​a ua lawe ʻia ma ke au haʻahaʻa (200 µA), no laila hiki iā SourceMeter ke hoʻomalu pono i ka hoʻouka ʻana. ʻO ka hopena o kēia au mua mau, ʻo ia ka piʻo voltage (piʻo ʻeleʻele) ʻaʻole linear ma muli o ke kahua hoʻoneʻe hiki ʻole linear D PST (Kiʻi 1c, inset luna). I ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻouka ʻana, ua mālama ʻia he 30 mJ o ka ikehu uila i loko o ka MLC (kiko B). A laila wela ka MLC a hana ʻia kahi au maikaʻi ʻole (a no laila he au maikaʻi ʻole) ʻoiai ke noho nei ka voltage ma 600 V. Ma hope o 40 s, i ka wā i hiki ai ka mahana i kahi paepae o 90 °C, ua uku ʻia kēia au, ʻoiai ua hana ka laʻana ʻanuʻu i loko o ke kaapuni i kahi mana uila o 35 mJ i loko o kēia isofield (ʻelua o ka inset ma ke Kiʻi 1c, luna). A laila hoʻemi ʻia ka voltage ma ka MLC (lālā CD), e hopena ana i kahi 60 mJ hou o ka hana uila. ʻO ka ikehu puka holoʻokoʻa he 95 mJ. ʻO ka ikehu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka ikehu hoʻokomo a me ka ikehu puka, e hāʻawi ana i 95 - 30 = 65 mJ. Pili kēia i kahi density ikehu o 1.84 J cm-3, kokoke loa i ka Nd i unuhi ʻia mai ke apo DE. Ua hoʻāʻo nui ʻia ka hana hou ʻana o kēia pōʻaiapuni Olson (Nānā Hoʻohui 4). Ma ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ke anakahi uila a me ka mahana, ua loaʻa iā mākou he 4.43 J cm-3 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pōʻaiapuni Olsen i loko o kahi PST MLC mānoanoa 0.5 mm ma luna o kahi pae mahana o 750 V (195 kV cm-1) a me 175 °C (Nānā Hoʻohui 5). ʻEhā manawa kēia ma mua o ka hana maikaʻi loa i hōʻike ʻia ma ka palapala no nā pōʻaiapuni Olson pololei a ua loaʻa ma nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi o Pb(Mg,Nb)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) (1.06 J cm-3)18 (cm. Papa Hoʻohui 1 no nā waiwai hou aku ma ka palapala). Ua hoʻokō ʻia kēia hana ma muli o ke kahe haʻahaʻa loa o kēia mau MLC (<10−7 A ma 750 V a me 180 °C, e ʻike i nā kikoʻī ma ka Hoʻomaopopo Hoʻohui 6) - kahi kiko koʻikoʻi i ʻōlelo ʻia e Smith et al.19 - i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā haʻawina mua17,20. Ua hoʻokō ʻia kēia hana ma muli o ke kahe haʻahaʻa loa o kēia mau MLC (<10−7 A ma 750 V a me 180 °C, e ʻike i nā kikoʻī ma ka Hoʻomaopopo Hoʻohui 6) - kahi kiko koʻikoʻi i ʻōlelo ʻia e Smith et al.19 - i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā haʻawina mua17,20. Эти характеристики были достигнуты благодаря очень низкому току утечки этих MLC (<10–7 А при 750 в 180 °C, росм. дополнительном примечании 6) — критический момент, упомянутый Смитом и др. 19 — в отличие от к материалам, использованным в более ранних исследованиях17,20. Ua hoʻokō ʻia kēia mau ʻano ma muli o ke kahe haʻahaʻa loa o kēia mau MLC (<10–7 A ma 750 V a me 180 °C, e ʻike i ka Nānā Hoʻohui 6 no nā kikoʻī) - kahi kiko koʻikoʻi i ʻōlelo ʻia e Smith et al. 19 - i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā haʻawina mua17,20.由于这些MLC 的泄漏电流非常低（在750 V 和180 °C 时<10-7 A，请参见补充说明6 中丆的详等人19 提到的关键点——相比之下，已经达到了这种性能到早期研究中使用的1材文。由于 这些 mlc 的 泄漏 非常 （在 在 在 750 V 和 180 ° C 时 <10-7 A ， 参见 补充 说明 说明 说明 6信息））））） — 等 人 19 提到 关键 关键 点 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 下下 相比下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下，已经达到了这种性能到早期研究中使用的材料17.20。 Поскольку ток утечки этих MLC очень низкий (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см. подробности в дополнительном пилнительном пилеческий) момент, упомянутый Смитом и др. 19 — для сравнения, были достигнуты эти характеристики. ʻOiai he haʻahaʻa loa ke au leaka o kēia mau MLC (<10–7 A ma 750 V a me 180 °C, e ʻike i ka Hoʻomaopopo Hoʻohui 6 no nā kikoʻī) - kahi kiko koʻikoʻi i ʻōlelo ʻia e Smith et al. 19 - no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hoʻokō ʻia kēia mau hana.i nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā haʻawina mua 17,20.
ʻO nā kūlana like (600 V, 20–90 °C) i hoʻopili ʻia i ka pōʻaiapuni Stirling (memo hoʻohui 7). E like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia mai nā hopena o ka pōʻaiapuni DE, ʻo ka hua he 41.0 mJ. ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona kupaianaha o nā pōʻaiapuni Stirling ʻo ko lākou hiki ke hoʻonui i ka uila mua ma o ka hopena thermoelectric. Ua ʻike mākou i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka uila a hiki i ka 39 (mai ka uila mua o 15 V a i ka uila hope a hiki i ka 590 V, e ʻike i ke Kiʻi Hoʻohui 7.2).
ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa o kēia mau MLC, ʻo ia nā mea macroscopic i lawa ka nui e hōʻiliʻili i ka ikehu ma ka pae joule. No laila, ua kūkulu mākou i kahi mea hōʻiliʻili prototype (HARV1) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i 28 MLC PST 1 mm ka mānoanoa, e hahai ana i ka hoʻolālā pā like i wehewehe ʻia e Torello et al.14, ma kahi matrix 7 × 4 e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi. Hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka wai dielectric lawe wela i loko o ka manifold e kahi pamu peristaltic ma waena o ʻelua mau waihona kahi e mālama mau ʻia ai ka mahana o ka wai (ʻano). E hōʻiliʻili a hiki i ka 3.1 J me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaʻina hana Olson i wehewehe ʻia ma ke kiʻi 2a, nā ʻāpana isothermal ma 10 ° C a me 125 ° C a me nā ʻāpana isofield ma 0 a me 750 V (195 kV cm-1). Pili kēia i ka nui o ka ikehu o 3.14 J cm-3. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia hui pū ʻana, ua lawe ʻia nā ana ma lalo o nā kūlana like ʻole (Kiʻi 2b). E hoʻomaopopo ua loaʻa ʻo 1.8 J ma luna o kahi pae mahana o 80 °C a me kahi uila o 600 V (155 kV cm-1). He kūlike maikaʻi kēia me ka 65 mJ i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua no ka 1 mm PST MLC mānoanoa ma lalo o nā kūlana like (28 × 65 = 1820 mJ).
a, Hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua o kahi prototype HARV1 i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia e pili ana i 28 MLC PSTs 1 mm ka mānoanoa (4 lālani × 7 kolamu) e holo ana ma nā pōʻaiapuni Olson. No kēlā me kēia o nā ʻanuʻu pōʻaiapuni ʻehā, hāʻawi ʻia ka mahana a me ke voltage i loko o ka prototype. Hoʻokele ke kamepiula i kahi pamu peristaltic e hoʻopuni ana i kahi wai dielectric ma waena o nā waihona anuanu a me ka wela, ʻelua mau valves, a me kahi kumu mana. Hoʻohana pū ke kamepiula i nā thermocouples e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻikepili ma ka voltage a me ke au i hāʻawi ʻia i ka prototype a me ka mahana o ka hui ʻana mai ka lako mana. b, Ikehu (kala) i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e kā mākou prototype 4 × 7 MLC e kūʻē i ka laulā mahana (X-axis) a me ke voltage (Y-axis) i nā hoʻokolohua like ʻole.
ʻO kahi mana nui aʻe o ka mea ʻohiʻohi (HARV2) me 60 PST MLC 1 mm ka mānoanoa a me 160 PST MLC 0.5 mm ka mānoanoa (41.7 g mea pyroelectric hana) i hāʻawi i 11.2 J (Nānā Hoʻohui 8). I ka makahiki 1984, ua hana ʻo Olsen i kahi mea ʻohi ikehu e pili ana i 317 g o kahi hui Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka tin i hiki ke hoʻopuka i 6.23 J o ka uila ma kahi mahana o 150 °C (ref. 21). No kēia hui pū ʻana, ʻo ia wale nō ka waiwai ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i ka pae joule. Ua loaʻa iā ia ma mua o ka hapalua o ka waiwai a mākou i loaʻa ai a kokoke i ʻehiku manawa o ka maikaʻi. ʻO ke ʻano o kēia, ʻo ka nui o ka ikehu o HARV2 he 13 manawa kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka manawa pōʻaiapuni HARV1 he 57 kekona. Ua hana kēia i 54 mW o ka mana me 4 lālani o 7 mau kolamu o nā seti MLC 1 mm mānoanoa. No ka lawe ʻana i hoʻokahi ʻanuʻu hou aʻe, ua kūkulu mākou i kahi hui ʻekolu (HARV3) me kahi PST MLC mānoanoa 0.5mm a me ka hoʻonohonoho like me HARV1 a me HARV2 (Nānā Hoʻohui 9). Ua ana mākou i kahi manawa thermalization o 12.5 kekona. Pili kēia i kahi manawa pōʻaiapuni o 25 s (Kiʻi Hoʻohui 9). ʻO ka ikehu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia (47 mJ) hāʻawi i kahi mana uila o 1.95 mW no kēlā me kēia MLC, kahi e hiki ai iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo e hana ana ʻo HARV2 i 0.55 W (ma kahi o 1.95 mW × 280 PST MLC 0.5 mm ka mānoanoa). Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohālike mākou i ka hoʻoili wela me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Finite Element Simulation (COMSOL, Nānā Hoʻohui 10 a me nā Papa Hoʻohui 2-4) e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua HARV1. ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike o nā mea palena pau i hiki ai ke wānana i nā waiwai mana kokoke i kahi kauoha o ka nui kiʻekiʻe (430 mW) no ka helu like o nā kolamu PST ma ka hoʻomāmā ʻana i ka MLC i 0.2 mm, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai ma ke ʻano he coolant, a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka matrix i 7 mau lālani. × 4 mau kolamu (me ka , aia he 960 mW i ka wā i kokoke ai ka pahu i ka hui pū ʻana, Kiʻi Hoʻohui 10b).
No ka hōʻike ʻana i ka pono o kēia mea hōʻiliʻili, ua hoʻopili ʻia kahi pōʻaiapuni Stirling i kahi mea hōʻike kū hoʻokahi i loaʻa i ʻelua mau PST MLC mānoanoa 0.5 mm wale nō e like me nā mea hōʻiliʻili wela, kahi kuapo uila kiʻekiʻe, kahi kuapo uila haʻahaʻa me ka capacitor mālama, kahi mea hoʻololi DC/DC, kahi microcontroller mana haʻahaʻa, ʻelua thermocouples a me ka mea hoʻololi hoʻonui (Nānā Hoʻohui 11). Pono ke kaapuni i ka capacitor mālama e hoʻopiʻi mua ʻia ma 9V a laila holo kūʻokoʻa ʻoiai ke ana wela o nā MLC ʻelua mai -5°C a i 85°C, ma aneʻi i nā pōʻaiapuni o 160 s (hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau pōʻaiapuni ma ka Nānā Hoʻohui 11). ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ʻelua mau MLC e kaupaona ana he 0.3g wale nō ke hiki ke hoʻomalu kūʻokoʻa i kēia ʻōnaehana nui. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona hoihoi, ʻo ia ka hiki i ka mea hoʻololi uila haʻahaʻa ke hoʻololi i 400V i 10-15V me ka pono 79% (Nānā Hoʻohui 11 a me ke Kiʻi Hoʻohui 11.3).
ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua loiloi mākou i ka pono o kēia mau modula MLC i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu wela i ikehu uila. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka mea maikaʻi η o ka pono e like me ka lakio o ka nui o ka ikehu uila i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ʻo Nd i ka nui o ka wela i hoʻolako ʻia ʻo Qin (Memo Hoʻohui 12):
Hōʻike nā Kiʻi 3a,b i ka pono η a me ka pono kūlike ηr o ke kaʻapuni Olsen, kēlā me kēia, ma ke ʻano he hana o ka pae mahana o kahi PST MLC 0.5 mm mānoanoa. Hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻikepili ʻelua no kahi kahua uila o 195 kV cm-1. Hiki ka pono \(\this\) i 1.43%, ʻo ia hoʻi ka 18% o ηr. Eia nō naʻe, no kahi pae mahana o 10 K mai 25 °C a 35 °C, hiki i ηr nā waiwai a hiki i ka 40% (piʻo polū ma ke Kiʻi 3b). ʻOi aku ka pālua o kēia i ka waiwai i ʻike ʻia no nā mea NLP i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni PMN-PT (ηr = 19%) ma ka pae mahana o 10 K a me 300 kV cm-1 (Ref. 18). ʻAʻole i noʻonoʻo ʻia nā pae mahana ma lalo o 10 K no ka mea ʻo ka hysteresis thermal o ka PST MLC ma waena o 5 a me 8 K. He mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻike ʻana i ka hopena maikaʻi o nā hoʻololi pae ma ka pono. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaneʻane loaʻa nā waiwai kūpono o η a me ηr ma ka mahana mua ʻo Ti = 25°C ma nā Kiʻi 3a,b. ʻO kēia ma muli o kahi hoʻololi pae kokoke i ka wā ʻaʻohe kahua i hoʻopili ʻia a ʻo ka mahana Curie TC ma kahi o 20°C ma kēia mau MLC (Memo Hoʻohui 13).
a,b, ka pono η a me ka pono kūlike o ke kaʻina hana Olson (a)\({\eta }_{{\rm{r}}}=\eta /{\eta}_{{\rm{Carnot}} no ka uila kiʻekiʻe loa e kahi kahua o 195 kV cm-1 a me nā mahana mua like ʻole Ti, }}\,\)(b) no ka MPC PST 0.5 mm ka mānoanoa, ma muli o ka wā mahana ΔTspan.
ʻElua mau hopena koʻikoʻi o ka nānā ʻana hope: (1) pono e hoʻomaka kekahi kaʻapuni kūpono i nā mahana ma luna o TC no ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae i hoʻokomo ʻia e ke kahua (mai ka paraelectric a i ka ferroelectric); (2) ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia mau mea i nā manawa holo kokoke i TC. ʻOiai ua hōʻike ʻia nā pono nui i kā mākou mau hoʻokolohua, ʻaʻole ʻae ka pae mahana palena iā mākou e hoʻokō i nā pono piha nui ma muli o ka palena Carnot (\(\Delta T/T\)). Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka pono maikaʻi loa i hōʻike ʻia e kēia mau PST MLC e hoʻāpono iā Olsen i kāna ʻōlelo ʻana "hiki i kahi mīkini thermoelectric regenerative papa 20 kūpono e hana ana ma nā mahana ma waena o 50 °C a me 250 °C ke loaʻa ka pono o 30%"17. No ka hiki ʻana i kēia mau waiwai a hoʻāʻo i ka manaʻo, he mea pono ke hoʻohana i nā PST doped me nā TC like ʻole, e like me ka mea i aʻo ʻia e Shebanov lāua ʻo Borman. Ua hōʻike lākou e hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka TC ma PST mai 3°C (Sb doping) a i 33°C (Ti doping) 22. No laila, ke kuhi nei mākou e hiki i nā mea hoʻoulu hou pyroelectric hanauna hou e pili ana i nā PST MLC i hoʻohui ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea ʻē aʻe me kahi hoʻololi pae mua ikaika ke hoʻokūkū me nā mea hōʻiliʻili mana maikaʻi loa.
Ma kēia haʻawina, ua noiʻi mākou i nā MLC i hana ʻia mai PST. Aia kēia mau mea hana i kahi moʻo o nā electrodes Pt a me PST, kahi e hoʻopili like ʻia ai kekahi mau capacitors. Ua koho ʻia ʻo PST no ka mea he mea EC maikaʻi loa ia a no laila he mea NLP maikaʻi loa. Hōʻike ia i kahi hoʻololi pae ferroelectric-paraelectric mua a puni 20 °C, e hōʻike ana ua like kona mau loli entropy me nā mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1. Ua wehewehe piha ʻia nā MLC like no nā mea hana EC13,14. Ma kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻohana mākou i 10.4 × 7.2 × 1 mm³ a me 10.4 × 7.2 × 0.5 mm³ MLC. Ua hana ʻia nā MLC me ka mānoanoa o 1 mm a me 0.5 mm mai 19 a me 9 mau papa o PST me ka mānoanoa o 38.6 µm, kēlā me kēia. Ma nā hihia ʻelua, ua kau ʻia ka papa PST o loko ma waena o nā electrodes platinum 2.05 µm ka mānoanoa. Manaʻo ka hoʻolālā ʻana o kēia mau MLC he 55% o nā PST he hana, e pili ana i ka ʻāpana ma waena o nā electrodes (Nānā Hoʻohui 1). ʻO ka ʻāpana electrode hana he 48.7 mm2 (Papa Hoʻohui 5). Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ʻo MLC PST e ka hopena pae paʻa a me ke ʻano hoʻolei. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā kikoʻī o ke kaʻina hana hoʻomākaukau ma kahi ʻatikala ma mua14. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o PST MLC a me ka ʻatikala ma mua ʻo ia ke kauoha o nā pūnaewele B, kahi e hoʻopilikia nui ai i ka hana o EC ma PST. ʻO ke kauoha o nā pūnaewele B o PST MLC he 0.75 (Nānā Hoʻohui 2) i loaʻa ma ka sintering ma 1400°C i ukali ʻia e nā haneli hola o ka annealing ma 1000°C. No ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana iā PST MLC, e ʻike i nā Nānā Hoʻohui 1-3 a me ka Papa Hoʻohui 5.
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo nui o kēia haʻawina e pili ana i ka pōʻaiapuni Olson (Kiʻi 1). No ia pōʻaiapuni, pono mākou i kahi waihona wela a me ke anu a me kahi lako mana e hiki ke nānā a kāohi i ke kahe uila a me ke au i nā modula MLC like ʻole. Ua hoʻohana kēia mau pōʻaiapuni pololei i ʻelua mau hoʻonohonoho like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi (1) nā modula Linkam e hoʻomehana a hoʻoluʻu ana i hoʻokahi MLC i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi kumu mana Keithley 2410, a me (2) ʻekolu mau prototypes (HARV1, HARV2 a me HARV3) ma ke ʻano like me ka ikehu kumu like. I ka hihia hope, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi wai dielectric (ʻaila silicone me ka viscosity o 5 cP ma 25°C, i kūʻai ʻia mai Sigma Aldrich) no ka hoʻololi wela ma waena o nā waihona ʻelua (wela a anu) a me ka MLC. Aia ka waihona wela i kahi pahu aniani i piha i ka wai dielectric a kau ʻia ma luna o ka pā wela. Aia ka waihona anuanu i kahi ʻauʻau wai me nā paipu wai e loaʻa ana ka wai dielectric i loko o kahi pahu plastik nui i piha i ka wai a me ka hau. Ua kau ʻia ʻelua mau kiwikā ʻoki ʻekolu ala (i kūʻai ʻia mai Bio-Chem Fluidics) ma kēlā me kēia wēlau o ka hui ʻana e hoʻololi pono i ka wai mai kekahi waihona i kekahi (Kiʻi 2a). No ka hōʻoia ʻana i ke kaulike wela ma waena o ka pūʻolo PST-MLC a me ka coolant, ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka manawa pōʻaiapuni a hiki i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā thermocouples komo a me waho (e like me ka hiki i ka pūʻolo PST-MLC) i ka mahana like. Hoʻokele a hoʻonohonoho ka palapala Python i nā mea hana āpau (nā mika kumu, nā pamu, nā kiwikā, a me nā thermocouples) e holo i ka pōʻaiapuni Olson kūpono, ʻo ia hoʻi, hoʻomaka ka loop coolant e holo ma o ka PST stack ma hope o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻana o ka mika kumu i mea e wela ai lākou ma ka volta i makemake ʻia no ka pōʻaiapuni Olson i hāʻawi ʻia.
ʻOkoʻa, ua hōʻoia mākou i kēia mau ana pololei o ka ikehu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia me nā ʻano hana ʻole pololei. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau ʻano hana ʻole pololei ma nā loops kahua hoʻoneʻe uila (D) - nā loops kahua uila (E) i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma nā mahana like ʻole, a ma ka helu ʻana i ka wahi ma waena o ʻelua mau loops DE, hiki i kekahi ke kuhi pololei i ka nui o ka ikehu e hiki ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi. ma ke kiʻi 2. .1b. Hoʻiliʻili ʻia kēia mau loops DE me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mika kumu Keithley.
Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia he iwakāluakūmāwalu PST MLCs he 1 mm ka mānoanoa i loko o kahi ʻano papa like ʻehā lālani, 7 kolamu e like me ka hoʻolālā i wehewehe ʻia ma ka kuhikuhi. 14. ʻO ka hakahaka wai ma waena o nā lālani PST-MLC he 0.75mm. Hoʻokō ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻāpana lipine ʻelua ʻaoʻao e like me nā mea hoʻokaʻawale wai a puni nā kihi o ka PST MLC. Hoʻopili ʻia ka PST MLC ma ke ʻano uila me kahi alahaka epoxy kālā e pili ana me nā alakaʻi electrode. Ma hope o kēlā, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā uea me ka resin epoxy kālā i kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o nā kikowaena electrode no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lako mana. ʻO ka hope, e hoʻokomo i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa i loko o ka hose polyolefin. Hoʻopili ʻia ka mea hope i ka paipu wai e hōʻoia i ka sila pono. ʻO ka hope, ua kūkulu ʻia nā thermocouples ʻano K he 0.25 mm ka mānoanoa i loko o kēlā me kēia hopena o ke ʻano PST-MLC e nānā i nā mahana wai komo a me waho. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, pono e puka mua ʻia ka hose. Ma hope o ke kau ʻana i ka thermocouple, e hoʻopili i ka mea hoʻopili like me ma mua ma waena o ka hose thermocouple a me ke uea e hoʻihoʻi i ka sila.
Ua kūkulu ʻia ʻewalu mau prototypes kaʻawale, ʻehā o ia mau mea he 40 MLC PSTs 0.5 mm ka mānoanoa i hoʻolaha ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau papa like me 5 kolamu a me 8 lālani, a ʻo nā ʻehā i koe he 15 MLC PSTs 1 mm ka mānoanoa o kēlā me kēia. ma ke ʻano o ka papa like 3-kolamu × 5 lālani. ʻO ka huina o nā PST MLC i hoʻohana ʻia he 220 (160 0.5 mm ka mānoanoa a me 60 PST MLC 1 mm ka mānoanoa). Kāhea mākou i kēia mau subunits ʻelua ʻo HARV2_160 a me HARV2_60. ʻO ka hakahaka wai i loko o ka prototype HARV2_160 he ʻelua mau lipine ʻaoʻao pālua he 0.25 mm ka mānoanoa me kahi uea 0.25 mm ka mānoanoa ma waena o lākou. No ka prototype HARV2_60, ua hana hou mākou i ke kaʻina hana like, akā me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka uea 0.38 mm ka mānoanoa. No ka symmetry, loaʻa iā HARV2_160 a me HARV2_60 kā lākou mau kaapuni wai ponoʻī, nā pamu, nā valves a me ka ʻaoʻao anuanu (Nānā Hoʻohui 8). ʻElua mau ʻāpana HARV2 e kaʻana like i kahi waihona wela, kahi pahu 3 lita (30 cm x 20 cm x 5 cm) ma luna o ʻelua mau pā wela me nā magnet wili. Hoʻopili like ʻia nā prototypes ʻewalu āpau me ka uila. Hana like nā subunits HARV2_160 a me HARV2_60 i ka pōʻaiapuni Olson e hopena ana i ka hōʻiliʻili ikehu o 11.2 J.
E kau i ka PST MLC 0.5mm mānoanoa i loko o ka hose polyolefin me ka lipine ʻaoʻao pālua a me ka uea ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua e hana i kahi no ke kahe ʻana o ka wai. Ma muli o kona liʻiliʻi, ua kau ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālike ma ka ʻaoʻao o kahi valve waihona wela a anu paha, e hoʻemi ana i nā manawa pōʻaiapuni.
Ma ka PST MLC, hoʻopili ʻia kahi kahua uila mau ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi uila mau i ka lālā hoʻomehana. ʻO ka hopena, hoʻopuka ʻia kahi au wela maikaʻi ʻole a mālama ʻia ka ikehu. Ma hope o ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka PST MLC, wehe ʻia ke kahua (V = 0), a hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka ikehu i mālama ʻia i loko i ka counter kumu, kahi e kūlike ana i hoʻokahi hāʻawi hou o ka ikehu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia. ʻO ka hope loa, me ka uila V = 0 i hoʻopili ʻia, ua hoʻomaʻalili ʻia nā MLC PST i ko lākou mahana mua i hiki ai ke hoʻomaka hou ke kaʻapuni. I kēia pae, ʻaʻole i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ikehu. Ua holo mākou i ke kaʻapuni Olsen me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi Keithley 2410 SourceMeter, e hoʻopiʻi ana i ka PST MLC mai kahi kumu uila a hoʻonohonoho i ka hoʻokūkū o kēia manawa i ka waiwai kūpono i hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā kiko lawa i ka wā o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana no nā helu ikehu hilinaʻi.
I loko o nā pōʻaiapuni Stirling, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā PST MLC ma ke ʻano kumu voltage ma kahi waiwai kahua uila mua (voltage mua Vi > 0), kahi au kūlike i makemake ʻia i hiki ai i ke kaʻina hoʻopiʻi ke hele ma kahi o 1 s (a ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā kiko lawa no ka helu pono ʻana o ka ikehu) a me ka mahana anuanu. I loko o nā pōʻaiapuni Stirling, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā PST MLC ma ke ʻano kumu voltage ma kahi waiwai kahua uila mua (voltage mua Vi > 0), kahi au kūlike i makemake ʻia i hiki ai i ke kaʻina hoʻopiʻi ke hele ma kahi o 1 s (a ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā kiko lawa no ka helu pono ʻana o ka ikehu) a me ka mahana anuanu. В циклах Стирлинга PST MLC заряжались в режиме источника напряжения при начальном значении электрического поля, поля (началье > Via желаемом податливом токе, так что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с энергия) и холодная температура. I loko o nā pōʻaiapuni Stirling PST MLC, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano kumu voltage ma ka waiwai mua o ke kahua uila (voltage mua Vi > 0), ke au hua i makemake ʻia, i hiki ai i ke kahua hoʻopiʻi ke lawe ma kahi o 1 s (a ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia kahi helu lawa o nā kiko no ka helu ʻana i ka ikehu hilinaʻi) a me ka mahana anuanu.在斯特林循环中，PST MLC 在电压源模式下以初始电场值（初始电压Vi > 0）充电，所需的顺应电流使得充电步骤大约需要1秒（并且收集了足够的点以可靠地计算能量）和低温。 Ma ke kaʻina hana nui, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka PST MLC ma ka waiwai kahua uila mua (ka uila mua Vi > 0) ma ke ʻano kumu uila, i hiki ai i ke au hoʻokō e pono ai ke lawe ma kahi o 1 kekona no ke kaʻina hoʻopiʻi (a ua hōʻiliʻili mākou i nā kiko lawa e helu pono ai (ikehu) a me ka mahana haʻahaʻa. В цикле Стирлинга PST MLC заряжается в режиме источника напряжения с начальным значением электрического полня (начальния с начальным значением электрического полня (начальь) требуемый ток податливости таков, что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точстико, дряться энергию) и низкие температуры. Ma ke kaʻina hana Stirling, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka PST MLC ma ke ʻano kumu uila me ka waiwai mua o ke kahua uila (ka uila mua Vi > 0), ʻo ke au hoʻokō e pono ai ke ʻano o ka pae hoʻopiʻi e lawe ai ma kahi o 1 s (a ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia kahi helu lawa o nā kiko e helu pono ai i ka ikehu) a me nā mahana haʻahaʻa.Ma mua o ka wela ʻana o ka PST MLC, e wehe i ke kaapuni ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi au kūlike o I = 0 mA (ʻo ke au kūlike liʻiliʻi loa e hiki ai i kā mākou kumu ana ke lawelawe he 10 nA). ʻO ka hopena, noho kahi uku ma ka PST o ka MJK, a piʻi ka volta i ka wā e wela ai ka laʻana. ʻAʻohe ikehu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka lima BC no ka mea ʻo I = 0 mA. Ma hope o ka hiki ʻana i kahi mahana kiʻekiʻe, piʻi ka volta i ka MLT FT (i kekahi mau hihia ma mua o 30 mau manawa, e ʻike i ke kiʻi hou aʻe. 7.2), hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka MLK FT (V = 0), a mālama ʻia ka ikehu uila i loko o lākou no ka mea like me ka uku mua. Hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka pilina o kēia manawa i ke kumu mika. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka volta, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu i mālama ʻia ma ka mahana kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaʻina hana. No laila, loaʻa ka ikehu ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wela i ka uila.
Ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi Keithley 2410 SourceMeter e nānā i ke anakahi uila a me ke au i hoʻopili ʻia i ka PST MLC. Hoʻomaulia ʻia ka ikehu pili ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka huahana o ke anakahi uila a me ke au i heluhelu ʻia e ka mika kumu o Keithley, \ (E = {\int }_{0}^{\tau }{I}_({\rm {meas))}\left(t\ right){V}_{{\rm{meas}}}(t)\), kahi ʻo τ ka wā o ke kau. Ma kā mākou piʻo ikehu, ʻo nā waiwai ikehu maikaʻi ke ʻano o ka ikehu a mākou e hāʻawi ai i ka MLC PST, a ʻo nā waiwai maikaʻi ʻole ke ʻano o ka ikehu a mākou e unuhi ai mai ia mau mea a no laila ka ikehu i loaʻa. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka mana pili no kahi pōʻaiapuni hōʻiliʻili i hāʻawi ʻia ma ka puʻunaue ʻana i ka ikehu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka wā τ o ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa.
Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili āpau ma ke kikokikona nui a i ʻole ma ka ʻike hou aku. Pono e kuhikuhi ʻia nā leka a me nā noi no nā mea i ke kumu o ka ʻikepili AT a i ʻole ED i hāʻawi ʻia me kēia ʻatikala.
ʻO Ando Junior, OH, Maran, ALO & Henao, NC He loiloi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me nā noi o nā microgenerators thermoelectric no ka hōʻiliʻili ikehu. ʻO Ando Junior, OH, Maran, ALO & Henao, NC He loiloi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me nā noi o nā microgenerators thermoelectric no ka hōʻiliʻili ikehu.ʻO Ando Junior, Ohio, Maran, ALO a me Henao, NC Ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā microgenerators thermoelectric no ka hōʻiliʻili ikehu. Ando Junior, OH, Maran, ALO & Henao, NC 回顾用于能量收集的热电微型发电机的开发和应用。 Ando Junior, OH, Maran, ALO & Henao, NCKe noʻonoʻo nei ʻo Ando Junior, Ohio, Maran, ALO, a me Henao, NC i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā microgenerators thermoelectric no ka hōʻiliʻili ikehu.hoʻomau. kākoʻo. Energy Rev. 91, 376–393 (2018).
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ʻO Crossley, S., Nair, B., Whatmore, RW, Moya, X. & Mathur, ND Nā pōʻaiapuni hoʻoluʻu electrocaloric i loko o ke kēpau scandium tantalate me ka hana hou maoli ma o ka loli o ke kahua. ʻO Crossley, S., Nair, B., Whatmore, RW, Moya, X. & Mathur, ND Nā pōʻaiapuni hoʻoluʻu electrocaloric i loko o ke kēpau scandium tantalate me ka hana hou maoli ma o ka loli o ke kahua.ʻO Crossley, S., Nair, B., Watmore, RW, Moya, X. a me Mathur, ND Nā pōʻaiapuni hoʻoluʻu electrocaloric i loko o ke kēpau-scandium tantalate me ka hana hou maoli ma o ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kahua. Crossley, S., Nair, B., Whatmore, RW, Moya, X. & Mathur, ND 钽酸钪铅的电热冷却循环，通过场变化实现真正的再生。 Crossley, S., Nair, B., Whatmore, RW, Moya, X. & Mathur, ND. Tantalum酸钪钪钪钪钪钪钪钪电求的电池水水水水水气水在电影在在线电影。ʻO Crossley, S., Nair, B., Watmore, RW, Moya, X. a me Mathur, ND He pōʻaiapuni hoʻoluʻu electrothermal o ka scandium-lead tantalate no ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana ma o ka hoʻohuli ʻana o ke kahua.ʻepekema kino Rev. X 9, 41002 (2019).
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Mahalo mākou iā N. Furusawa, Y. Inoue, a me K. Honda no kā lākou kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka MLC. PL, AT, YN, AA, JL, UP, VK, OB a me ED Mahalo i ka Luxembourg National Research Foundation (FNR) no ke kākoʻo ʻana i kēia hana ma o CAMELHEAT C17/MS/11703691/Defay, MASSENA PRIDE/15/10935404/Defay- Siebentritt, THERMODIMAT C20/MS/14718071/Defay a me BRIDGES2021/MS/16282302/CECOHA/Defay.
Keʻena Noiʻi a me ka ʻenehana o nā mea hana, ke Keʻena ʻenehana ʻo Luxembourg (LIST), Belvoir, Luxembourg